Actions

Actions 本質上是元素級生命週期 (element-level lifecycle) 的函式，會在元素被建立時呼叫。常常用在

第三方庫的整合
圖片的惰性載入
工具提示 (tooltips)
新增自訂事件處理程序

`use:` 語法

<script>
    /** @type {import('svelte/action').Action}  */
    function foo(node) {
        // the node has been mounted in the DOM

        return {
            destroy() {
                // the node has been removed from the DOM
            }
        };
    }
</script>

<!-- 當元素被建立時，就會呼叫 foo 函式 -->
<!-- 當元素被刪除時，就會呼叫 foo 函式回傳的 destroy() -->
<div use:foo />

加入變數

Actions 也可以傳入變數。下方是一個整合 tippy.js 的例子：

<script>
    import tippy from 'tippy.js';
    import 'tippy.js/dist/tippy.css';
    import 'tippy.js/themes/material.css';

    let content = 'Hello!';

    function tooltip(node, options) {
        // { content: 'Hello!', theme: 'material'}
        console.log(options);

        const tooltip = tippy(node, options);

        return {
            destroy() {
                tooltip.destroy();
            }
        };
    }
</script>

<input bind:value={content} />

<button use:tooltip=

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            <h1 id="struct-結構體">
  
  
    <a href="#struct-結構體" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="struct-結構體"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> struct (結構體)
  
  
</h1>
    

<p>struct 或者稱 structure，是一個自定義的資料類型，允許你命名和包裝多個相關的值，形成一個有意義的組合。</p>

<p>struct 可以定義方法與關連函式來指定與 struct 資料相關的行為。</p>

<p>在程式碼中基於 struct 與枚舉 (enum) 創建新類型，可以充分利用 Rust 的編譯時檢查。</p>
<h2 id="定義結構體">
  
  
    <a href="#定義結構體" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="定義結構體"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 定義結構體
  
  
</h2>
    

<p>和元組一樣，<strong>struct 中的每一個部分都可以是不同的類型，但需要明確定義</strong>。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">u64</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>struct 定義好之後就可以創建實例。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">user1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"someone@example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"someone"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>如果要取得實例中的某個值，可以使用 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">.</code>，例如 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">user1.email</code>。如果想要修改實例中的某個值，也可以使用如下的方式。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">user1</span><span class="py">.email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"another@example.com"</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p><strong>注意如果要這樣使用，整個實例必須是可變的</strong>，也就是必須使用 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">let mut</code> 宣告。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">let</span> <span class="k">mut</span> <span class="n">user1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"someone@example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"someone"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>我們也可以使用一個函式來建立實體。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">build_user</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="變數名稱與-struct-key-值相同的簡單寫法">
  
  
    <a href="#變數名稱與-struct-key-值相同的簡單寫法" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="變數名稱與-struct-key-值相同的簡單寫法"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 變數名稱與 struct key 值相同的簡單寫法
  
  
</h2>
    

<p>重複寫 struct 中的的 key 值可能有些囉嗦，當函式的參數名稱與 key 值相同，Rust 允許下方這種更方便的寫法。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">build_user</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="使用更新語法從其他實例建立新實例">
  
  
    <a href="#使用更新語法從其他實例建立新實例" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="使用更新語法從其他實例建立新實例"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 使用更新語法從其他實例建立新實例
  
  
</h2>
    

<p>我們可以使用舊實例的部分值來建立新的實例。</p>

<p>下方的例子展示了不使用更新語法的方式。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">user1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"someone@example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"someusername123"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">user2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"another@example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"anotherusername567"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user1</span><span class="py">.active</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user1</span><span class="py">.sign_in_count</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>我們可以使用 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">..</code> 來指定剩餘未設置值的部分使用 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">user1</code> 的值。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">user2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"another@example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nn">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="nf">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"another@example.com"</span><span class="p">),</span>
    <span class="o">..</span><span class="n">user1</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="使用非字串-key-的元組結構體">
  
  
    <a href="#使用非字串-key-的元組結構體" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="使用非字串-key-的元組結構體"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 使用非字串 key 的元組結構體
  
  
</h2>
    

<p>可以定義與元組 (tuple) 類似的元組結構體 (tuple structs)。</p>

<p>當你想給元組取一個名字，卻又不想要幫每個元素都命名 key 值，這種 struct 十分實用。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nf">Color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">i32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">i32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">i32</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nf">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">i32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">i32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">i32</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">black</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">Color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">origin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<blockquote>
  <p>[!IMPORTANT]</p>

  <p>注意 black 與 origin 雖然組成方式一樣，但他們是不同的類型。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="沒有任何字段的類單元結構體-unit-like-structs">
  
  
    <a href="#沒有任何字段的類單元結構體-unit-like-structs" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="沒有任何字段的類單元結構體-unit-like-structs"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 沒有任何字段的類單元結構體 (unit-like structs)
  
  
</h2>
    

<p>我們也可以定義一個沒有任何字段的類單元結構體，類似於 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">()</code>。</p>

<p>類單元結構體常常在你想要在某個類型上實現 trait 但不需要在類型中存儲數據的時候發揮作用。</p>
<h2 id="結構體資料的所有權">
  
  
    <a href="#結構體資料的所有權" class="anchor-heading" aria-labelledby="結構體資料的所有權"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="#svg-link"></use></svg></a> 結構體資料的所有權
  
  
</h2>
    

<p>在剛剛的 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">User</code> 結構體中，使用 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">String</code> 而不是 <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&amp;str</code> 字符串 slice 類型，這是一個有意而為之的選擇。
因為我們想要這個結構體擁有它所有的資料，只要整個結構體是有效的話其資料也是有效的。</p>

<p>雖然可以在結構體中包含引用，這這會需要用上生命週期 (lifetimes)。</p>

<div class="language-rust highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">u64</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="k">let</span> <span class="n">user1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">"someone@example.com"</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">"someusername123"</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">active</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">sign_in_count</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<p>這裡編譯器會告訴你他需要生命週期標示符。</p>

<div class="language-text highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
 --&gt;
  |
2 |     username: &amp;str,
  |               ^ expected lifetime parameter

error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
 --&gt;
  |
3 |     email: &amp;str,
  |            ^ expected lifetime parameter
</code></pre></div></div>

          

          
            
          
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